Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology
Article Title: RVG-targeted extracellular vesicles loaded with echinatin attenuate dopaminergic neurodegeneration via the IGF-2/PI3K/Akt pathway in Parkinson’s disease mice
doi: 10.1186/s12951-025-03997-5
Figure Lengend Snippet: Preparation and characteristics of RVG-EVs@Echi. ( a ) Schematic illustration of the preparation process of RVG-EVs@Echi. ( b ) Representative fluorescence microscopy images of 293 T cells transduced with RVG lentivirus showing the infection efficiency. Scale bar: 200 nm. ( c ) Representative TEM image (inset) and size distribution of RVG-EVs@Echi. Scale bar: 100 nm. ( d ) Size distribution of free EVs and RVG-EVs. ( e ) Representative confocal images and ( f ) statistical analysis results showing the targeted delivery of RVG-EVs to neurons. sEVs are labeled with DiI (red), and neurons are labeled with alpha-tubulin (green). Nuclei are labeled with DAPI (blue). Scale bars, 50 μm for the original images and 10 μm for the magnified images. ( g ) Echi loading efficiency after room temperature incubation or electroporation. ( h ) Zeta potential of RVG-EVs and RVG-EVs@Echi, as measured by DLS. ( i ) Size distribution of RVG-EVs@Echi in PBS or in 20% FBS over time. ( j ) Free-EVs@Echi and RVG-EVs@Echi release curves of Echi over time. ( k ) Echi leakage rate of RVG-EVs@Echi over time. ( l ) Representative flow cytometry histograms and ( m ) quantitative time-course analysis of uptake (mean fluorescence intensity, MFI) by flow cytometry in MN9D cells incubated with DiI-labeled Free EVs or RVG-EVs for 3, 6, or 12 h. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. ** p < 0.01 vs. the Free EVs group
Article Snippet: The 293 T human embryonic kidney cell line (acquired from ATCC) was cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Invitrogen).
Techniques: Fluorescence, Microscopy, Transduction, Infection, Labeling, Incubation, Electroporation, Zeta Potential Analyzer, Flow Cytometry